Optimization of ethanol reflux extraction process of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen- Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus based on network pharmacology combined with response surface methodology / 中国中药杂志

The present study optimized the ethanol extraction process of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus drug pair by network pharmacology and Box-Behnken method. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to screen out and verify the potential active components of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus, and the process evaluation indexes were determined in light of the components of the content determination under Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition). The analytic hierarchy process(AHP) was used to determine the weight coefficient of each component, and the comprehensive score was calculated as the process evaluation index. The ethanol extraction process of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus was optimized by the Box-Behnken method. The core components of the Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus drug pair were screened out as spinosin, jujuboside A, jujuboside B, schisandrin, schisandrol, schisandrin A, and schisandrin B. The optimal extraction conditions obtained by using the Box-Behnken method were listed below: extraction time of 90 min, ethanol volume fraction of 85%, and two times of extraction. Through network pharmacology and molecular docking, the process evaluation indexes were determined, and the optimized process was stable, which could provide an experimental basis for the production of preparations containing Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus.

Quality evaluation of Aralia taibaiensis based on spectrum-activity relationship / 中国中药杂志

A spectrum-activity relationship is established with high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) fingerprints and the in vitro antioxidant activity to improve the quality evaluation system of Aralia taibaiensis. The HPLC profiles of 12 batches of samples were collected, and the similarity evaluation, heat map analysis and principal component analysis were conducted for the chemometric study of the fingerprint data. Combined with grey correlation analysis, the contributions of the common peaks in the fingerprints to the antioxidant activity were clarified, and the important peaks reflecting the efficacy were identified. The results showed that 17 common peaks were found in 12 batches of A. taibaiensis samples, and 6 of them were identified as saponins. Similarity evaluation, heat map analysis and principal component analysis roughly classified the A. taibaiensis herbs into two categories, i.e.,(1) S1-S10, S12 and(2) S11. Twelve batches of samples showed different antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, S9 had the strongest antioxidant activity, while S11 was the weakest in antioxidant capacity, which was basically consistent with the overall score results. The results of grey correlation analysis demonstrated that the 17 common peaks scavenged DPPH radicals in the following order: X_3>X_(17)>X_4>X_8>X_7>X_(13)>X_2>X_6>X_(11)>X_(10)>X_(16)>X_(12)>X_9>X_5>X_(14)>X_1>X_(15), and scavenged ABTS radicals in the order of X_4>X_3>X_7>X_8>X_2>X_(17)>X_(13)>X_6>X_(16)>X_(11)>X_5>X_(12)>X_(10)>X_9>X_(14)>X_1>X_(15). Among them, X_3, X_4, X_7(araloside C), X_8 and X_(17) were the important peaks reflecting the efficacy of A. taibaiensis, which were basically consistent with those contained in the principal component 1. In this study, the correlation between the HPLC fingerprints of 12 batches of A. taibaiensis and its antioxidant activity provides a reference for the Q-marker screening and quality control of A. taibaiensis.

Exploration of emulsifying material basis of Angelicae Sinensis Radix volatile oil based on partial least squares and hydrophile-lipophile balance value / 中国中药杂志

This study explores the emulsifying material basis of Angelicae Sinensis Radix volatile oil (ASRVO) based on partial least squares (PLS) method and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value.The turbidity of ASRVO emulsion samples from Gansu,Yunnan,and Qinghai was determined and the chemical components in the emulsion were analyzed by GC-MS.The PLS model was established with the chemical components as the independent variable and the turbidity as the dependent variable and evaluated with indexes R~2X and R~2Y.The chemical components which were in positive correlation with the turbidity were selected and the HLB values were calculated to determine the emulsification material basis of ASRVO.The PLS models for the 81 emulsion samples had high R~2X and R~2Y values,which showed good fitting ability.Seven chemical components,2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol,trans-ligustilide,3-butylidene-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone,dodecane,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-cyclohexene,trans-beta-ocimene,and decane,had positive correlation with turbidity.Particularly,the HLB value of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol was 4.4,which was the HLB range of surfactants to be emulsifiers and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol was positively correlated with turbidity of the ASRVO emulsion samples from the main producing area.Therefore,2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol was the emulsifying material basis of ASRVO.The selected emulsifying substances can lay a foundation for exploring the emulsification mechanism and demulsification solution of ASRVO.

Research progress on antibacterial activity of herbal volatile oil / 中国中药杂志

Due to worldwide abuse of chemical antibiotics and continuous emergence of "superbugs", the harm of bacterial drug resistance to human beings has become more and more serious. Therefore, it is of great significance to look for green antibiotics with a wide range of sources, broad antibacterial spectrum, non-toxicity or low toxicity, environmentally friendliness, diverse active components and low drug resistance. The volatile oil of traditional Chinese medicine is a kind of volatile oily liquid that exists in plants and can be distilled with steam and immiscible with water. Because of its good potential to resist drug-resistant pathogens, it is widely used in food, medicine and other fields. This paper summarized the antibacterial advantages and characteristics of volatile oil of traditional Chinese medicine, and the antibacterial effect and antibacterial mechanism of combined application of volatile oil of traditional Chinese medicine, in order to provide some theoretical basis and study ideas for solving the problem of bacterial drug resistance and developing natural and green antibiotics.

Data Mining of Caryophylli Fols-containing Formula and Analysis of Its Mechanism in Treatment of Diarrhea / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:Based on database mining， the high-frequency compatibility of Caryophylli Fols as the core in formulas for treating diarrhea was analyzed， and the network pharmacology was used to elucidate the mechanism of the core drug group containing Caryophylli Fols in the treatment of diarrhea. Method:The online database of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） was intelligently crawled by Python 3.8.1 programming， and the compatibility rules of Caryophylli Fols were analyzed， and the TCM with support≥0.30， confidence≥0.90 and lift≥1.00 was set as the core drug group of Caryophylli Fols. The components were searched and screened by TCM Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform （TCMSP）， and the disease targets were collected in Therapeutic Target Datebase （TTD）， GeneCards and DisGeNET database with "Diarrhea" as the key word. The network diagram of "TCM-ingredients-potential targets" was constructed by Cytoscape 3.7.1 software， and the network of protein-protein interaction （PPI） was constructed by STRING 11.0. Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis of potential targets was analyzed by R language， and the components of the core drug group were preliminarily verified and evaluated by Discovery Studio Client 2016 software. Result:A total of 155 formulas containing Caryophylli Fols for treating diarrhea were screened， involving 54 TCMs. The analysis of association rules showed that Caryophylli Fols was strongly associated with Myristicae Semen， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Aucklandiae Radix and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma in the treatment of diarrhea. The core drug group composed of these five TCMs involved 119 kinds of TCM ingredients and 114 potential targets， of which 104 potential targets were distributed in the nervous system， and the key targets were tumor protein p53 （TP53）， transcription factor activator protein-1 （JUN）， mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 （MAPK8）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， 90 kDa heat shock protein <italic>α</italic>A1 （HSP90AA1） and so on. GO enrichment analysis mainly involved biological processes such as the regulation of neurotransmitter levels， blood circulation， hormone-mediated signal pathway and regulation of chemical synaptic transmission. IL-17 signal pathway， helper T cell 17 （Th17） cell differentiation， epidermal growth factor receptor and salmonella infection in KEGG pathways were closely related to the treatment of diarrhea. Molecular docking showed that the key target protein had high affinity with quercetin， kaempferol and <italic>β</italic>-sitosterol. Conclusion:The multi-components， multi-targets and multi-pathways involved in the core drug group of Caryophylli Fols are closely related to inflammation and nervous system， so it is speculated that it may treat diarrhea by repairing intestinal shielding integrity and regulating the levels of neurotransmitters.

Clinical observation of acupoint application of Chinese herbal medicine in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after orthopaedic surgery under general anesthesia / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore clinical effect of acupoint application of Chinese herbal medicine in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after orthopaedic surgery under general anesthesia.@*METHODS@#From January 2018 to December 2019, 168 patients who met inclusion criteria and were underwent selective spine surgery, were double-blind divided into two groups according to central random system, 84 patients in each group. In control group, there were 39 males and 45 females aged from 30 to 65 years old with an average of (53.83±9.17) years old, 37 patients were classified to typeⅠand 47 patients were typeⅡ according to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grading. In experiment group, there were 39 males and 45 females aged from 30 to 65 years old with an average of (54.08±9.00) years old; 32 patients were classified to typeⅠand 52 patients were typeⅡ according to ASA grading. Both of two groups were obtained acupoint application before anesthesia induction, and acupoint application were put on @*RESULTS@#There were no statistical differences in incidence of nausea vomiting, VAS of narusea degree at 24 h after operation (@*CONCLUSION@#The curative effect of acupoint application of traditional Chinese medicine on the prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting is not obvious.

Particle design for improving content uniformity of Hewei Jiangni Capsules / 中国中药杂志

Targeting the poor powder characteristics of the contents in Hewei Jiangni Capsules, this study characterized the powder properties of the contents and employed particle design technique for improving the content quality. The content composite particles of Hewei Jiangni Capsules prepared by the particle design technique were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), followed by infrared ray(IR), content uniformity, and in vitro dissolution detection. It was found that there was a good correlation between the crushed particle size of slices and the crushing time, and the calcined Haematitum was responsible for the poor content uniformity. After the fine powder of calcined Haematitum was super-finely ground for 8.5 min and those of the other contents in the capsule for 1 min, they were prepared into the composite particles, whose property characterizations were compared with those of the physical mixtures. The content uniformity of the prepared composite particles was significantly improved, and the preparation process was stable and reliable. The adoption of particle design technology to correct the poor uniformity of the physical mixture, solve the pharmaceutical defects of Hewei Jiangni Capsules, and improve the quality of prescriptions has provided important reference for the clinical application and development of Chinese medicinal preparations.

Particle design for improving taste and homogeneity of traditional Chinese medicinal powder: taking Zhuhuang Chuihou Powder as an example / 中国中药杂志

Due to the complex source and different physical and chemical properties of traditional Chinese medicines(TCM) powder, there are many common pharmaceutical problems in its preparation, such as large particle size difference, poor mixing uniformity, and poor compliance with oral intake, which has directly affected the quality of solid preparations as well as their clinical efficacy and safety. This study observed the property of Zhuhuang Chuihou Powder and extract its pharmaceutical defects. It was found that realgar and calcined Borax in Zhuhuang Chuihou Powder were heavy in texture and toxic, and they were easy to be isolated, indicating the potential safety hazard. At the same time, Coptidis Rhizoma and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex were the main sources of its bitterness. Therefore, based on the idea of "drug-excipients unity", the particle design technology was used to prepare core/shell-type composite particles with bitter medicines as the core and mineral medicines as shell. Both infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy results indicated the formation of composite particles, and the taste of these composite particles were improved. Compared with the physical mixtures, the composite particles exhibited significantly decreased RSD values in the content uniformity of berberine hydrochloride, arsenic disulfide, and sodium tetraborate and appearance uniformity. The introduction of particle design technology solved the problem of uneven dispersion of Zhuhuang Chuihou Powder, thus ensuring its uniform dispersion, stability, and control and improving the quality of the original preparation. This has provided a scientific basis for the quality control of TCM powder.

Application of design technology for preparing Lingzhu Powder particles based on solvent evaporation method / 中国中药杂志

Targeting the deficiencies of Lingzhu Powder, this study introduced the particle design technology to improve its quality. Based on the mechanism of particle design for powder and the characteristics of solvent evaporation method, composite particles consisting of Succinum, Cinnabaris, and artificial Bovis Calculus were prepared. And the powder properties of composite particles and physical mixtures as well as the content uniformity of toxic components were investigated for exploring the technological advantages of particle design in improving the quality of Lingzhu Powder. The results showed that the composite particles prepared using solvent evaporation method and particle design technology were micro-particles, and the stable agglomerate structure could be observed under SEM. Composite particles exhibited better fluidity and compliance in oral intake than physical mixtures. The differences in chromatism, bulk density, and content uniformity of the composite particles were smaller than those of physical mixtures, and the corresponding RSD values \[4.8%, 1.8%, 3.4%(bilirubin), and 0.63%(HgS), respectively\] were smaller. The solvent evaporation combined with particle design technology can be utilized to significantly improve the quality of Lingzhu Powder, which has provided new ideas for the optimization of the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal powder.

Application of particle design technology in field of traditional Chinese medicine powder / 中国中药杂志

Solid preparations account for more than 50% of traditional Chinese medicines(TCM). TCM powder is an important raw material for solid preparations of TCM. Its powder properties directly affect the quality of solid preparations, and even clinical safety and effectiveness. Particle design technology based on the characteristics of powder in TCM is an important means to improve and enhance the quality of solid preparations. This study summarized the relevant principles, methods, characteristics, classification, equipment, and other elements of particle design technology in recent years, analyzed the difficulties in its application in the field of TCM powder, and proposed the strategies in conjunction with the development of computer data mining. The present study is expected to provide a reference for the suitability of particle design in the field of TCM powder.

Network pharmacology research on high frequency use of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix herb pair in treatment of constipation with aromatic traditional Chinese medicine based on data mining / 中国中药杂志

Based on data mining and through the method of network pharmacology, we analyzed the mechanism of high-frequency use of herb pair in the treatment of constipation with aromatic traditional Chinese medicine in this study. Through data mining, aromatic traditional Chinese medicine was obtained for the treatment of constipation and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix herb pair was used as the research object. The volatile oil from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix was extracted by steam distillation, and the chemical compositions of the volatile oil were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The targets of volatile oil from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix were searched by PubChem, TCMSP, STITCH and Swiss Target Prediction databases. The targets of constipation were predicted and screened in OMIM, Genecards-Search Resuits and TTD databases. The obtained targets were introduced into Cytoscape 3.7.1 to construct protein-protein interaction(PPI) network diagram for GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis by using R language. The network diagram of "component-target-pathway" was constructed according to the results of KEGG enrichment. Discovery Studio 2.5 software was used to verify the molecular docking between the components and the targets. Among them, the most frequently used pair of aromatic traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of constipation was Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix. A total of 33 compounds were detected by GC-MS, and a total of 180 common action targets of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix on volatile oil in the treatment of constipation were predicted. The key targets included CYP19 A1, PPARA, PGR, ACHE, SLC6 A2 and so on. GO enrichment analysis showed that the activities of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae Radix on volatile oil were mainly involved in the biological processes such as circulatory system, blood circulation, and steroid hormone binding. In KEGG enrichment pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, endocrine resistance, Ca~(2+) signal pathway and IL-17 signaling pathway showed significant effect on constipation. The results of molecular docking showed that PGR, the target protein related to the treatment of constipation, had a good binding with gamma-linolenic acid, dihydro-alpha-ionone, alpha-eudesmol, caryophyllene oxide and beta-ionone. The results show that by using data mining technology and network pharmacology, it is revealed that the active components of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae and Aucklandiae volatile oil in high frequency use of aromatic traditional Chinese medicine can be used totreat constipation mainly through CYP19 A1, PPARA, PGR, ACHE, SLC6 A2 and other targets, providing a new idea and method for the further study of aromatic traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of constipation.

Advances in Chemical Constituents,Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Application of Caryophylli Flos / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Eugenia caryophyllata,a plant of Myrtle family,has a long history of cultivation and application in China.It is a medicinal and edible homologous plant with rich pharmacological activities.At present,there have been reports on the pharmacological effects and chemical components of Caryophylli Flos,but the clinical research progress was less.Therefore,this paper was to summarize the studies on the chemical composition and pharmacological action of Caryophylli Flos,through literature review,this paper introduced the record of Caryophylli Flos in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and Mongolian medicine,the application frequency of Caryophylli Flos in traditional Mongolian medicine and its compatibility of drug-pair were analyzed with computer software.In addition,the use of Caryophylli Flos in Mongolian medicine was discussed from the aspects of their medicinal property,functional treatment and clinical application,so as to provide reference for the subsequent studies on Caryophylli Flos.

Study on Stability of Volatile Oil in Foeniculi Fructus and Screening Its Antioxidants in Accelerated Oxidation Environment / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To screen the accelerated oxidation environment with the most drastic changes in the volatile oil composition of Foeniculi Fructus, and to optimize the type and concentration of antioxidants. Method: The volatile oil of Foeniculi Fructus was extracted by steam distillation. Taking thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value and peroxide value (POV) as evaluation indexes, response surface method was used to investigate the effects of temperature, concentrations of ferrous ion (Fe2+) and azoamidine initiator V50 (AAPH) on volatile oil components of Foeniculi Fructus and its oxidation products. TBARS and POV were detected by ultraviolet chromatography. The oxidative environment with the most drastic changes of volatile oil composition of Foeniculi Fructus was screened. The type and concentration of antioxidants were selected by single factor experiments. The change discipline of volatile oil in Foeniculi Fructus after added different concentrations of antioxidants were analyzed by GC-MS. Result: The worst oxidizing environment for volatile oil of Foeniculi Fructus was as follows:temperature at 42.5℃,AAPH concentration of 1 g·L-1,Fe2+ concentration of 20.85 mg·L-1. Ascorbyl palmitate with concentrations of 0.2 mol·L-1 and 0.8 mol·L-1 could effectively improve the stability of volatile oil from Foeniculi Fructus. Conclusion: Under the accelerated oxidation environment, the terpenes in volatile oil from Foeniculi Fructus are significantly changed, but its stability can be improved by ascorbyl palmitate.

Effect of Tannic Acid on Transport of Diaco-Aconitine in Caco-2 Cell Model / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of three aconitine transporters in Caco-2 cells and tannin (tannic acid) in Terminalia on the transport of three di-ester aconitine (aconitine, meoaconitine and hypaconitine) in Aconitum chinensis. METHODS: The components were detected by UPLC/Q exactive MS in terms of the cumulative transshipment volume of three aconitine and the apparent permeability coefficient Papp as indicators to investigate the two-way transport behaviors of three aconitine in the Caco-2 cell model, as well as the proportion of tannic acid, and the changes of the transport behaviors of three aconitine. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between the cumulative transshipment volume of aconitine and the incubation time. There was no statistical difference in Papp values of the three aconitine, and the efflux effect was significantly stronger than the absorption, with an external ratio close to 1.5.When the compatibility ratio of three aconitine with tannic acid was 1∶1 and 1∶0.5, the absorption of aconitine was significantly inhibited (P was 0.05), but the transport behavior with effluent was not significantly affected. CONCLUSION: Aconitine, meoaconitine, and hypaconitine in P. aeruginosa are mainly passive transporters, and may involve in efferent proteins, which are a kind of drug with good absorption.When mixed with tannic acid, the absorption and transshipment of three kinds of alkali were significantly reduced, which proves that Terminalia chebula could detoxify aconitum by inhibiting its absorption.

Preparation of astragaloside IV self-microemulsifying drug delivery system and in situ intestinal absorption in rats / 中草药

Objective: To prepare astragaloside IV self-emulsifying drug release system (astragaloside IV SMEDDS), and investigate its intestinal absorption characteristics in rats. Methods: According to the solubility and compatibility of astragaloside IV in different oil phases, surfactants and cosurfactants, the prescription composition of astragaloside IV SMEDDS was determined. The dosage range of each component in the ideal microemulsion region was drawn by pseudo-ternary phase diagram, and the microstructure, particle size distribution and in vitro drug release of astragaloside IV SMEDDS after water dispersion were evaluated. The stability of astragaloside IV SMEDDS diluted with simulated human physiological body fluid was investigated, and the intestinal absorption kinetics of astragaloside IV self-microemulsion in rats was investigated by intestinal reflux test in rats. Results: The prescription of astragaloside IV SMEDDS was composed of Capmul MCM, Tween-80, and Transcutol H. Astragaloside IV SMEDDS was prepared by water dispersion to form a light blue emulsion microemulsion, and the uniform size of the microemulsion could be observed under transmission electron microscope, and the microemulsion was prepared by selecting a certain amount of astragaloside IV in any prescription dosage in the microemulsion formation region. The light blue emulsion microemulsion could be observed under transmission electron microscope. The average particle size of astragaloside IV SMEDDS was (45.4 ± 5.8) nm; The dissolution rate of astragaloside IV in the three dissolution media was significantly increased, and the microemulsion formed by astragaloside IV had good physical stability in simulated human physiological liquid. The absorption rate of astragaloside IV microemulsion in the whole intestine of rats was significantly higher than that of astragaloside IV suspension. Conclusion: The preparation of astragaloside IV into SMEDDS can increase the dissolution rate of the drug, enhance the absorption of the drug in the intestinal tract, which is expected to improve the oral bioavailability of astragaloside IV.

Extraction kinetics of volatile oil from galangal by steam distillation / 中国中药杂志

To reveal the extraction regularity of volatile oil from galangal by GC-MS analysis. The volatile oil in galangal was extracted by steam distillation. The extract was collected every 30 min, the oil part and the water part were separated. GC-MS was used to analyze the extraction liquid collected at different time periods. A total of 140 volatile components were obtained by GC-MS analysis. Among them, the main components were eucalyptus oil alcohol, alpha-pine oil alcohol and 4-terpene alcohol; 22 special components were dissolved in water, 77 special components were dissolved in oil and 41 components were dissolved in both oil and water. With the increase of specific components in water, the content of Eucalyptus in water increased in a linear manner. The increase of eucalyptus oil further promoted the dissolution or dispersion of alpha PN in water, and the change of specific components in oil was positively correlated with the content of Eucalyptus and alpha-terpilenol in oil. The results of principal component analysis show that the physical and chemical properties of the compounds were important factors affecting the distribution of components. PC1 (molecular weight, melting point, boiling point positive correlation), PC2 (negative correlation of refractive index) and PC3 (positive correlation of water solubility) were the main components that lead to the differences in composition distribution. The process of extracting volatile oil from galangal through steam distillation was affected by the physical and chemical properties of volatile components. Some components were specifically distributed in the fragrance and volatile oil system. The endemic components of aromatic water increased the content of the main components in the water system, which may lead to the "emulsification", reduction of the yield and low quality of the volatile oil.

Effect of Long-Term Systolic Blood Pressure Trajectory on Kidney Damage in the Diabetic Population: A Prospective Study in a Community-Based Chinese Cohort / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Background</b>Previous studies have shown that hypertension is an important factor contributing to the occurrence and progression of diabetic kidney damage. However, the relationship between the patterns of blood pressure (BP) trajectory and kidney damage in the diabetic population remains unclear. This prospective study investigated the effect of long-term systolic BP (SBP) trajectory on kidney damage in the diabetic population based on an 8-year follow-up community-based cohort.</p><p><b>Methods</b>This study included 4556 diabetic participants among 101,510 participants. BP, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urinary protein were measured every 2 years from 2006 to 2014. SBP trajectory was identified by the censored normal modeling. Five discrete SBP trajectories were identified according to SBP range and the changing pattern over time. Kidney damage was evaluated through eGFR and urinary protein value. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence of different SBP trajectory groups on kidney damage.</p><p><b>Results</b>We identified five discrete SBP trajectories: low-stable group (n = 864), moderate-stable group (n = 1980), moderate increasing group (n = 609), elevated decreasing group, (n = 679), and elevated stable group (n = 424). The detection rate of kidney damage in the low-stable group (SBP: 118-124 mmHg) was the lowest among the five groups. The detection rate of each kidney damage index was higher in the elevated stable group (SBP: 159-172 mmHg) compared with the low-stable group. For details, the gap was 4.14 (11.6% vs. 2.8%) in eGFR <60 ml·min·1.73 m and 3.66 (17.2% vs. 4.7%), 3.38 (25.0% vs. 7.4%), and 1.8 (10.6% vs. 5.9%) times in positive urinary protein, eGFR <60 ml·min·1.73 m and/or positive urinary protein, and eGFR decline ≥30%, respectively (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>Conclusion</b>An elevated stable SBP trajectory is an independent risk factor for kidney damage in the diabetic population.</p>

Changes of specific chromatograms and contents of five components in Yinqiao powder decoctions during decocting process / 中国中药杂志

To establish a method for the determination of chemical specific chromatograms and five components in Yinqiao powder decoction, and provide basis for elucidating the scientific connotation of ″taking in when the fragrance volatilized fiercely″. Yinqiao powder decoctions with different decocting times were prepared to study the changes of chemical components during decocting process. Specific chromatograms and contents of chlorogenic acid, phillyrin, arctiin, liquiritin and glycyrrhizin were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. According to the results, the similarities of Yinqiao powder decoctions with different decocting times were high, which indicated that their chemical compositions were similar. The dissolutions of the five components in Yinqiao powder reached more than 39.7% of 2 hour maximum dissolution amounts (MDA) after 20 minutes of soaking, more than 69.5% of MDA when boiling, more than 79.1% of MDA at the 5th minute after boiling, and more than 85.7% of MDA at the 10th minute after boiling. The concentrations of five components were not increasing obviously after 15 minutes of boiling (RSD<4.3%). The fragrance volatilized fiercely at about the 5th minute after boiling, which indicated that the contents of volatile components in Yinqiao powder decoctions were high, but it became weak after boiling for 15 minutes, which indicated that the contents of volatile components in Yinqiao powder decoctions were low. The results showed that the contents of five components in Yinqiao powder decoctions were heavily influenced by the decocting time. When boiling for about 5 minutes, the fragrance volatilized fiercely, both the contents of volatile components and non-volatile components were high. It is suggested that the traditional decocting method has a certain scientific basis.

Correlation of parameters of technology and physicochemistry with fragrance water stabilityin volatile oil of Caryophylli Flos / 中草药

Objective: Using the improved volatile oil extractor to extract the essential oil of Caryophylli Flosand emulsified fragrance water. To research the correlations of the emulsified fragrance water from different condensing temperature and different temperature with the physicochemical parameters under the different temperature of essential oilin Caryophylli Flos;The results help a lot for the optimization of extraction process parameters of essential oil in Caryophylli Flos. Methods: Using surface tension tester, determination of viscometer to measure viscosity, surface tension, interfacial tension under different temperature of essential oil density in Caryophylli Flos, using stability analyzer to determine the emulsified fragrance water stability within 1 h and particle sizeunder different extraction temperature and different collecting temperature. Using multivariate data analysis to research the relationship between the essential physical and chemical parameters with emulsified fragrance water stability.Results: Relativedensity, viscosity, and surface tension reduced as the temperature of essential oil in Caryophylli Flos increased gradually, interfacial tension with increased first and then decreased as temperature increased. Turbiscan Stability Index(TSI) of the volatile oil emulsified fragrance water was negative correlation with the condensation temperature and interfacial tension, and was positive correlation with collecting temperature, density, viscosity, and surface tension. Conclusion: During the extraction process, temperature, interfacial tension, and condensation temperature of volatile oil in Caryophylli Floswere collected with aromatic water, and TSI hascertain relevance. Through controlling the collected temperature, condensation temperature, interfacial tension, and oil/water separation speed of volatile oil emulsified fragrance water have been changed and the guidance to the extraction process has been provided.

Use of a quality by design approach to optimize andrographolide solid lipid nanaparticles / 中草药

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to use a quality by design (QbD) approach to optimize andrographolide solid lipid nanoparticles (And-SLNs). Methods: The And-SLNs were prepared by melt-emulsion and followed by high pressure homogenization methods. The And-SLNs with ideal encapsulation efficiency (EE) and particle size distribution were used various experimental statistical design modules. Plackett-Burman design for independent variables was first conducted to prescreen various formulation and process variables during the development of SLNs. Selected primary variables were further optimized by Box-Behnken design. The particle size distribution, Zeta potential, morphology, and in vitro drug release behavior of And-SLNs were studied by Malvern Particle Size Analyzer and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), respectively. Results: The EE, particle size, and Zeta potential of And-SLNs were found to be (91.4 ± 3.7)%, (258.4 ± 42.1) nm, and (-36.1 ± 3.4) mV, respectively. The And-SLNs were found to be small and spherical with uniform particle size and smooth surface as seen in TEM. The in vitro accumulated release of And reached up to 52.4% within 48 h. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the QbD approach could optimize the formulation and process variables to achieve favorable responses for And-SLNs.